An Ecological Comparison of Benthic Invertebrate Communities Between Sewage and Tigris River Water – Baghdad
In the current study, two sites were selected from the city of Adhamiya, central Baghdad. The first site is the Adhamiya Corniche, which includes a sample of river water and the second includes domestic sewage in the same area. The total density of benthic invertebrates was 775 ind/m2 , which is divided into 15 taxa. Biological indices were found, such as the stability index, the abundance index, the biodiversity index (Shannon’s index), the homogeneity index, and the invader’s guide.
The result showed an increase in the density of benthic invertebrates, as well as an increase in the diversity of these organisms.
American Public Health Association (A.P.H.A.). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th. Ed. A.P.H.A., American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington, DC.
Clesceri, L.S. (1998). Inorganic nonmetallic constituents. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. pp. 76-77.
Dobson, M., Pawley, S., Fletcher M. and A. Powell (2013). Guide to freshwater invertebrates. Freshwater Biological Association.
Ehrlich, P.R. (1981). Extinction. The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. Random House: New York.
Floder, S and U. Sommer (1999). Diversity in planktonic communities: An experimental test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44(4): 1114- 1119.
Forro, L., Korovchinsk, N.M., Kotov, A.A. and A. Petrusek (2008). Global diversity of Cladocerans (Cladocera; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595(1): 177-184.
Hirsch, A. (1958). Biological evaluation of organic pollution in New Zealand streams. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 500-539.
Hrodey, P.J., Kalb, B.J. and T.M. Sutton (2008). Macroinvertebrate community response to largewoody debris additions in small warmwater streams. Hydrobiologia, 605(1): 193-207.
Lenat (1988). Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic invertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7: 222-233.
Neves, I.F., Rocha, O. and Roche, K.F. and A.A. Pinto (2003). Zooplankton community structure of two marginal lakes of the river Cuibá 9110 (Mato Grosso, Brazil) with analysis of Rotifera and Cladocera diversity. Braz. J. Biol., 63: 329-343.
Penny, S.F. (1985). The use of macroinvertebrates in the assessment of point source pollution. In: Pridmore, R.D. and A.B. Cooper (ed.). Biological monitoring of freshwaters: Proceedings of a seminar. Water and Soil Miscellaneous Publication, 83: 205-216.
Petersen, R.L. (Jr), Cummins, K.W. and G.M. Ward (1989). Microbial and animal processing of detritus in a woodland stream. Ecological Monographs, 59: 21-39.
Reish, D.J. (1986). Benthic invertebrates as indicators of marine pollution: 35 Years of study. Oceans-IEEE, pp. 885-888.
Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D. and L.S. Clesceri (Eds.) (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works, Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
Serafim, Jr, M., Lansac-Toha, F.A., Paggi, J.C., Velho, L.F.M. and B. Robertson (2003). Cladocerafauna composition in a river-lagoon system of the upper Paraná River Floodplain, with a new record for Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63(2): 349-356.
Sklar, F.H. (1984). Seasonality and community structure of the back swamp invertebrates in Alonisiana Tupelo wetlands. Wetlands J., 5: 69-86.
Solorzano, L. (1969). Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenol-hypochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr., 14: 799-801.
Suckling, D.M. (1982). Organic Wastewater Effects On Benthic Invertebrates. In: The Manawatu River, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 16(3-4): 263-270.
Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Cheng, L., Cai, Y., Yin, H., Gao, J. and Y. Gao (2014). Macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams and rivers of a highly developed region (Lake Taihu Basin, China). Aquatic Biology, 23(1): 15-28.