Performance Analysis and Comparison of Batteries Using Off-grid PV System
Even though, at present, most of the Indian villages have been known to reach the ‘100% household electrification’ mark, many remote villages in the desert and hilly areas receive electricity supply only for few hours in a day. After an immense awareness programme on usage of freely available solar energy, run by the government throughout the country, villagers have started using solar panels on their rooftops and other open spaces. However, to install a reliable and cost effective off-grid PV system, it is imperative to choose an efficient battery storage system. In this paper, we analyze three different battery types, viz. Advanced Lead Acid, Lithium Ion and Zinc Bromine Flow battery on the basis of their technical and economic performances, when used with an off-grid PV system. From the techno-economic analysis for a domestic load of 250 kWh/day and an agricultural load of 17.91 kWh/day, it was found that the LI batteries are the most favorable option for use with the designed off-grid PV system.
Achaibou, N., Haddadi M. and A. Malek (2008). Lead acid batteries simulation including experimental validation. Journal of Power Sources, 185: 1484-1491.
Anuphappharadorn, S., Sukchai, S., Sirisamphanwong, C. and N. Ketjoy (2014). Comparison the economic analysis of the battery between lithium ion and lead acid in PV stand-alone application. Energy Procedia, 56: 352-358.
Ball, R., Kurian, R., Evans, R. and R. Stevens (2002). Study of valve-regulated lead acid batteries manufactured with different separator papers. J. Power Sources, 104: 234-240.
Bogno, B., Sawicki, J.P., Salame, T., Aillerie, M., Saint-Eve, F., Hamandjoda, O. and B. Tibi (2017). Improvement of safety, longevity and performance of lead acid battery in off-grid PV systems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42: 3466-3478.
Chen, H., Cong, T.N., Yang, W., Tan, C., Li, Y. and Y. Ding (2009). Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review. Prog. Nat. Sci., 19(3): 291-312.
Díaz-González, F., Sumper, A., Gomis-Bellmunt, O. and R. Villafáfila-Robles R. (2012). A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 16: 2154-2171.
Diouf, B. and R. Pode (2015). Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy. Renew. Energy, 76: 375-380.
Dufo-lópez, R., Lujano-rojas, J.M. and J.L. Bernal-Agustín (2014). Comparison of different lead–acid battery lifetime prediction models for use in simulation of stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Appl. Energy, 115: 242-253.
Ecker, M., Nieto, N., Käbitz, S., Schmalstieg, J., Blanke,H., Warnecke, A. and D.U. Sauer (2014). Calendar and cycle life study of Li(NiMnCo)O2-based 18650 lithium ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 248: 839-851.
Hadjipaschalis, I., Poullikkas, A. and V. Efthimiou (2009). Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev.,13: 1513-1522.
HOMER software. Available: http://www.homerenergy.com
Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A. and J. Perron (2008). Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 12(5): 1221-1250.
Jaiswal, A. (2017). Lithium-ion battery based renewable energy solution for off-grid electricity: A techno-economic analysis. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 72: 922-934.
Kawakami, N., Iijima, Y., Fukuhara, M., Bando, M., Sakanaka, Y. and K. Ogawa (2010). Development and field experiences of stabilization system using 34 MW NAS batteries for a 51 MW wind farm. In: IEEE 2010 International Symposium on Industrial Electronics; 4-7 July 2010; Bari, Italy.
Lacerda, V.G., Mageste, A.B., Santos, I.J.B., da Silva, L.H.M. and M. Da Silva (2009). Separation of Cd and Ni from Ni-Cd batteries by an environmentally safe methodology employing aqueous two-phase systems. J. Power Sources, 193.
Lujano-Rojas, J.M., Dufo-López, R., Atencio-Guerra, J.L., Rodrigues, E.M.G., Bernal-Agustín, J.L. and J.P.S. Catalão (2016). Operating conditions of lead acid batteries in the optimization of hybrid energy systems and microgrids. Applied Energy, 179: 590-600.
Mariaud, A., Acha, S., Ekins-Daukes, N., Shah, N. and C.N. Markides (2017). Integrated optimisation of photovoltaic and battery storage systems for UK commercial buildings. Applied Energy, 199: 466-478.
McKeon, B.B., Furukawa, J. and S. Fenstermacher (2014). Advanced lead acid batteries and the development of grid- scale energy storage systems. Proc. IEEE, 102: 951-963.
Mohammedi, A., Rekioua, D., Rekioua, T. and S. Bacha (2016). Valve-regulated lead acid battery behavior in a renewable energy system under an ideal Mediterranean climate. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41(45): 20928-20938.
Renewable Energy Statistics 2018-Irena (Online). Available: http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jul/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2018