Lead and Cadmiun Concentrations in the Catfi sh Pangasius Polyuranodon (Bleeker 1852) from the Siak River, Riau Province, Indonesia
During the last decades, increasing development of industries, urban communities and agriculture near aquatic ecosystems lead to pollution, especially in the developing countries of Southeast Asia. Due to trace metal pollution through increasing development and human activities near aquatic ecosystems, there is a growing risk of toxic metal exposure to fish and through their consumption also to humans. Therefore, the investigation of the chemical quality of fish for consumption, particularly the concentrations of toxic metals, is important for human health. We investigated the trace metal concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in different tissues of the catfish Pangasius polyuranodon from five areas of the Siak River in order to evaluate the potential for human health hazards resulting from fish consumption. Mean concentrations of Pb and Cd in gills (0.14 and 0.22, respectively), livers (0.11 and 0.18, respectively) and muscles (0.14 and 0.15, respectively) of P. polyuranodon were below national and international standards. Pb levels in gills and muscles were close to the national food standard at one sampling site and Cd concentrations in the gills were found to be at the national food standard at the same site. Only at one site, Cd concentration in the liver slightly exceeded the national, but not the international food standard. The overall results indicate that the edibles parts of P. polyuranodon in the Siak are only slightly contaminated by Pb and Cd and do not represent a risk for human consumption in regard to the two investigated trace metals. However, the special biogeochemistry of the blackwater river Siak might enhance bioaccumulation of toxic metals and more research is needed in regard to other toxic metals, seasonal availability of these metals, other consumed fish species, as well as fish age or size dependent accumulation of toxic metals.
Al-Kahtani, M.A. (2009). Accumulation of heavy metals in tilapia fish (Oreochromisniloticus) from al-Khadoud spring, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 6: 2024-2029.
Alam, M.G.M., Tanaka, A., Allinson, G., Laurenson,L.J.B., Stagnitti, F. and E.T. Snow (2002). A comparison of trace element concentrations in cultured and wild carp (Cyprinuscarpio) of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 53: 348-354.
APHA (1980). Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater, Fifth Edition. Washington.
Baum, A., Rixen, T. and J. Samiaji (2007). Relevance of peat draining rivers in central Sumatra for riverine input of dissolved organic carbon into the ocean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 73: 563-570.
Birge, W.J., Black, J.A. and B.A. Ramey (1981). Reproductive Toxicology of Aquatic Contaminants Hazard Assessment of Chemicals: Current Developments. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York.
Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld (2005). Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey. Environmental Research,
99: 403-412.
Cleven, R.F.M.J. and H.P. van Leeuwen (1986). Electrochemical analysis of the heavy metal/humic acid interaction. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 27: 11-28.
Comhaire, S., Blust, R., Van Ginneken, L. and O.L.J. Vanderborght (1994). Cobalt uptake across the gills of the common carp, Cyprinuscarpio, as a function of calcium concentration in the water of acclimation and exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology,
109: 63-76.
Croteau, M.N., Luoma, S.N. and A.R. Stewart (2005). Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature. Limnol. Oceanogr.,50: 1511-1519.
Daviglus, M., Sheeshka, J. and E. Murkin (2002). Health benefits from eating fish. Comments Toxicol., 8: 345-
374.
FishStatPlus (2011). Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Food and Agricultural organization.
Food and Agricultural Organization (2005). Fisheries and Aquaculture topics. Fish contaminants. Topics Fact
Sheets. Text by Lahsen Ababouch. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome, May 2005, Cited 23 January 2012. http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14815/ en
Galvin, R.M. (1996). Occurrence of metals in waters: An overview. WaterSA, 22: 7-18.
Goyer, R.A. (1995). Nutrition and metal toxicity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61: 646-650.
Gustiano, R. (2009). Pangasiid catfishes of Indonesia. Bulletin Plasma Nuftah, 15(2): 91-100.
Gray, J.S. (2002). Biomagnification in marine systems: The perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 45: 46-
52.
Handy, R.D. (1994). Intermittent exposure to aquatic pollutants: Assessment, toxicity and sublethal responses in fish and invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 107: 171-184.
Haux, C., Sjöbeck, M.-L., Larsson, Å. and G. Lithner (1986). A field study of physiological effects on fish in lead-contaminated lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5: 283-288.
Hodson, P.V., Blunt, B.R. and D.M. Whittle (1984). Monitoring Lead Exposure of Fish. In: Contaminant Effects on Fisheries. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hogstrand, C. and C. Haux (1991). Binding and detoxification of heavy metals in lower vertebrates with reference to metallothionein. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 100: 137-141.
Husnah, Prianto E., Fatah, K., Kaban, S., Makri, Mirna, danHerman (2008). Tingkat degradasilingkunganperairan di Sungai Siak bagianhilirdengan benthic integrated biotic index (B-IBI). Laporan Tahunan/Akhir Riset pada Balai Riset Perikanan Umum. Pusat Riset Tangkap. Balai Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan. 62 hal.
Jayakumar, P., V.I. Paul (2006). Patterns of cadmium accumulation in selected tissues of the catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) exposed to sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride. Veterinarski Arhiv., 76: 167-177.
Karlsson-Norrgren, L. and P. Runn (1985). Cadmium dynamics in fish: Pulse studies with 109Cd in female Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J. Fish. Biol., 27: 571- 581.
Kock, G., Hofer, R. and S. Wögrath (1995). Accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from oligotrophic Alpine lakes: Relation to alkalinity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 52: 2367-2376.
Laumonier, Y. (1997). The Vegetation and Physiography of Sumatra. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Legendre, M., Pouyaud, L., Slembrouck, J., Gustiano,R., Kristanto, A.H., Subagja, J., Komarudin, O. and Sudarto, Maskur (2000). Pangasiusdjambal: A new candidate species for fish culture in Indonesia. Indonesian Agricultural Research & Development Journal, 22: 1-14.
Matasin, Z., Ivanusic, M., Orescanin, V., Nejedli, S. and I.T. Gajger (2011). Heavy Metal Concentrations in Predator Fish. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10: 1214-1218.
Merlini, M. and G. Pozzi (1977). Lead and freshwater fishes: Part 1—Lead accumulation and water pH. Environ. Pollut.,12: 167-172.
National Drug & Food Standards of Indonesia (1989). Reg. No. 03725/B/SK/VII/89.
National Standardisation Agency of Indonesia (BSN) (2009). Maximum limits for heavy metals impurities in food. SNI7387: 2009 batasmaksimumcemaranlogamberatdala mpangansni7387-2009.
Nauen (1983). Food and Agricultural Organization. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. Fisheries circular No. 764. FAO, Rome.
Nicolau, R., Galera-Cunha, A. and Y. Lucas (2006). Transfer of nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river. Chemosphere, 63: 469-476.
Olojo, E.A.A., Olurin, K.B., Mbaka, G. and A.D. Oluwemimo (2005). Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clariasgariepinus exposed to lead. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4: 117-122.
Olsson, P.-E. and C. Haux (1986). Increased hepatic metallothionein content correlates to cadmium accumulation in environmentally exposed perch (Percafluviatilis). Aquatic Toxicology, 9: 231-242.
Olsson, P.-E., Kling, P. and C. Hogstrand (1998). 10 Mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in fish. In: Langston, W.J. and Bebianno, M.J. Metal metabolism in aquatic environments. Chapman & Hall, London.
Pascoe, D. and D.L. Mattery (1977). Studies on the toxicity of cadmium to the three-spined stickleback, Gasterostensaculeatus L. J. Fish. Biol., 11: 207-215.
Pettinen, S., Kukkonen, J. and A. Oikari (1995). The kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna as affected by humic substances and water hardness. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 30: 72-76.
Pouyaud, L., Gustiano, R. and G.G. Teugels (2002). Systematic revision of Pangasius polyuranodon (Siluriformes, Pangasiidae) with description of two new species. Cybium,
26: 243-252.
Pusat Pelayanan Publik (2008). Tigamenterilakukanpencanan ganpenghijauan DAS Siak. PusatPengolahan Data DepartemenPekerjaanUmum Republik Indonesia. Selasa 29 Januari 2008. Jakarta.
Rixen, T., Baum, A., Pohlmann, T., Balzer, W., Samiaji, J. and C. Jose (2008). The Siak, a tropical black water river in central Sumatra on the verge of anoxia. Biogeochemistry,90: 129-140.
SNI 01-2354.5-2006 (2006). Chemical test method - Part 5: Determination of cadmium (Cd) content in fishery products. National Standardization Agency of Indonesia.
SNI 01-2354.7-2006 (2006). Chemical test method - Part 7: Determination of lead (Pb) content in fish products. National Standardization Agency of Indonesia.
Suhren, E., Fitria Devita, Prüter, K., Suardi Tarumun, Glaser, M. and B. Glaeser (2014). River health and community health. A collaborative action-oriented social-ecological analysis. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, (11)1: 51-66.
Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J. and N.P.E. Vermeulen (2003). Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 13: 57-149.
Wang, W. (1987). Factors affecting metal toxicity to (and accumulation by) aquatic organism—Overview. Environment International, 13: 437-457.
Wang, W.-X. (2002). Interactions of trace metals and different marine food chains. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 243: 295-309.
Wicklund, A. and P. Runn (1988). Calcium effects on cadmium uptake, redistribution, and elimination in minnows, Phoxinusphoxinus, acclimated to different calcium concentrations. Aquatic Toxicology, 13: 109-
121.
Wong, C.S.C., Li, X. and I. Thornton (2006). Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environmental Pollution, 142: 1-16.
Zouh, Q., Zhang, J., Fu, J., Shi, J. and G. Jiang (2008). Biomonitoring: An appealing tool for assessment of metal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. Analytica Chimica Acta, 606: 135-150.