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REVIEW ARTICLE

Progress and perspectives on hydrogel-assisted skin organoids

Yulian Zheng1 ,  Zhiling Luo2 ,  Yongli Li1 ,  Xinyi Huang1 ,  Yushan He1 ,  Hengshu Zhang1 ,  Yi Zhu3 ,  Russell R. Reid3,4 ,  Tong-Chuan He3* ,  Lu Chen1*
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1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
2 Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
3 Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
4 Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
OR, 026060009 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR026060009
Received: 8 February 2026 | Revised: 10 March 2026 | Accepted: 13 March 2026 | Published online: 26 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Skin organoids offer a powerful in vitro platform for modeling human skin physiology, disease mechanisms, and regenerative processes. However, faithfully recapitulating the multilayered architecture of skin, diverse appendages, and integrated vascular– neural networks remains a major challenge. As key extracellular matrix mimetics, hydrogels have emerged as central enablers in advancing skin organoid engineering by complementing passive self-organization with programmable biofabrication strategies. This review summarizes recent progress in hydrogel-assisted skin organoid engineering, highlighting how these systems enable the reconstruction of layered skin architectures, support the morphogenesis of skin appendages, and facilitate the integration of vascular and neural components, thereby progressively improving the structural and functional fidelity of skin organoids. These developments position hydrogel-based platforms as essential tools for advancing next-generation skin organoid models. By enabling more precise control over the microenvironment and tissue organization, hydrogel-assisted strategies are expected to accelerate the development of physiologically relevant skin organoids and expand their applications in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and the study of complex skin disorders.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Skin organoids
Hydrogels
Skin tissue engineering
3D bioprinting
Extracellular matrix
Funding
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82202456), the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN202400424), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Special Program (2025T180555), the Young Top Talent Program of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (ZYRC2022-01), the Chongqing Municipal Special Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023CQBSHTB3105), the Young Top Talent Program in Medicine, Chongqing Municipality (YXQN202467), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Program (2024MD754019).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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