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REVIEW ARTICLE

Inner ear organoids: From three-dimensional bioprinting to vascularization

Fuzheng Li1 ,  Kexin Yang1 ,  Mohsen Asadnia2 ,  Jianxia Chen3 ,  Guozhen Liu1,4*
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1 Integrated Devices and Intelligent Diagnosis (ID2) Laboratory, CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
2 School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
3 Clinical Laboratory, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
4 Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Aggregate Science, School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
OR 2026, 2(1), 025010041 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR025010041
Received: 31 December 2025 | Revised: 26 February 2026 | Accepted: 26 February 2026 | Published online: 12 March 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The inner ear is essential for auditory perception and balance, yet damage to cochlear hair cells remains a major cause of irreversible hearing loss worldwide. As the number of individuals affected by sensorineural deafness continues to rise, there is a growing need for deeper pathophysiological insight and the development of effective therapies. Inner ear organoids, which recapitulate key aspects of the in vivo inner ear microenvironment, have emerged as powerful platforms for disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of inner ear organoids, with a focus on strategies to improve their structural complexity and functional maturity. In particular, we highlight innovations in vascularization and three-dimensional bioprinting that are advancing organoid scalability and integration potential. Meanwhile, commonly used biomaterials in three-dimensional bioprinting for inner ear organoids are systematically compared. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions for translating these technologies into clinical applications.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Inner ear
Organoids
Vascularization
Three-dimensional bioprinting
Biomaterials
Hair cell regeneration
Funding
The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22174121, 22211530067, and T2250710180), the 2022 Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund (Guangdong Hybribio, the Guangdong Pearl River Talent Program (2021CX02Y066), Shenzhen Bay Open Laboratory Fund 2021, the CUHKSZ-Boyalife Joint Laboratory Fund, the University Development Fund (UDF01002012), 1+1+1 CUHK-CUHK(SZ)-GDSTC Joint Collaboration Fund, and the Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Aggregate Science Fund.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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