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REVIEW ARTICLE

A review on steel mill scale as a sustainable catalyst for oxidative degradation of organic pollutants

Beatriz Carvalho Pontes1 ,  Jhenneffer Tainara Zancanaro Ghizzi2 ,  Luana Malaquias Bertoleti2 ,  Filipe Kalil da Silva Naves2 ,  Marcio Barreto-Rodrigues3*
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1 Academic Department of Chemistry, Bioprocess Laboratory, Federal University of Technology–Paraná, Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
2 Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry, Bioprocess Laboratory, Federal University of Technology–Paraná, Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
3 Academic Department of Chemistry and Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology, Federal University of Technology–Paraná, Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
JES 2024, 1(1), 025280013 https://doi.org/10.36922/JES025280013
Received: 12 July 2025 | Revised: 18 August 2025 | Accepted: 26 August 2025 | Published online: 19 September 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Industrial effluents frequently contain persistent organic pollutants, such as phenolic and nitroaromatic compounds, which pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including Fenton, Fenton-like, and catalytic ozonation, have demonstrated high effectiveness in degrading these contaminants, often achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 90%. This review explores the potential of steel mill scale (SMS), a byproduct of steel manufacturing, as a sustainable and cost-effective heterogeneous catalyst in AOPs. SMS is primarily composed of magnetite, hematite, and wüstite, all of which exhibit redox activity and reactivity in generating reactive oxygen species. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirms a heterogeneous microstructure, a high iron content (approximately 67.5%), and the presence of catalytically active iron oxide phases. These features indicate SMS’s potential for participating in both heterogeneous and homogeneous oxidative reactions. Literature-based evidence highlights a range of applications for SMS and related ferrous wastes in the treatment of effluents containing emerging contaminants. Reported degradation efficiencies range from 90% to 100% for compounds such as chlorophenol, dyes, hexavalent chromium, benzidine, and pharmaceutical pollutants. Many studies report significant pollutant removal efficiencies, along with operational advantages such as magnetic recoverability, catalyst reusability, and low sludge generation. The integration of SMS into oxidative treatment systems aligns with circular economy strategies and supports Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). This review highlights the importance of further exploring SMS as a promising material for environmental catalysis while identifying current research gaps and technical challenges for real-world applications.

Keywords
Steel mill scale
Advanced oxidation processes
Heterogeneous Fenton
Catalytic ozonation
Wastewater treatment
Circular economy
Funding
This work was supported by the Graduate Support Program (Programa de Apoio à Pós-Graduação) of Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil (CAPES, Financing Code: 001).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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