Unfolding China’s Urban Development: The Implementation of Public Art in Beijing and Shanghai
During China’s speeding urbanization, creating a unique city image to achieve economic growth draws the attention of property developers, urban planners, and city administrations. Through activating urban spaces and creating dynamic urban culture, public art plays an effective role in leading modern urban creative capital investment into China’s urban development. In order to understand the implementation of public art in Beijing and Shanghai, this research aims to analyze the resonance between public art and urbanization in Chinese megacities through selected case studies. The study reveals public art guided by urbanization policy and strategy in metropolitan China, which further unfolds the discontinuous and fragmented relationship between public art, public sphere, and urbanization policies. Through discovering the imbalances between public art investment, implementation, and post-implementation management frameworks, the study provides several approaches to boost China’s urban development for achieving the resonance between public art and urbanization.
Cheng H, Worrall J, Srivastava A. Public art, public sphere, and urban development in the Chinese metropolis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2020, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020, 206-215.
Bickel B, Triggs V, Springgay S, et al. Richgate: Transforming public spaces through community-engaged art [J]. Amerasia Journal, 2007, 33(2): 115-124.
Habermas J, Lennox S, Lennox F. The public sphere: An encyclopedia article (1964) [J]. New German Critique, 1974, (3): 49-55.
Calhoun CJ (eds). Habermas and the public sphere. 1992, MIT press, 12.
Hein H. Public art: Thinking museums differently. 2006, Rowman Altamira, p27.
Bishop C. Artificial hells: Participatory art and the politics of spectatorship. 2012, Verso Books, London, 129.
Zebracki M. Does cultural policy matter in public art production? The Nether-lands and Flanders compared, 1945-pre-sent [J]. Environment and Planning A, 2011, (43): 2953-2970.
Sharp J, Pollock V, Paddison R. Just art for a just city: Public art and social inclusion in urban regeneration [J]. Urban Studies, 2005, 42(5-6): 1001-1023.
Urban Task Force. Towards an Urban Renaissance – 1st Edition. 2003, Routledge, London.
Hsing YT. The great urban transformation: Politics of land and property in China. 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Remesar A (eds). Urban regeneration: A challenge for public art (Vol. 6). 1997, Edicions Universitat Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Zheng J. Producing Chinese urban landscapes of public art: The urban sculpture scene in Shanghai [J]. The China Quar-terly, 2019, (239): 775-803.
Zebracki M. Regenerating a coastal town through art: Dismaland and the limitations of antagonistic art practice in the city [J]. Cities, 2018, 77: 21-32.
Mao SA. The theoretical foundation and realistic reflection of the construction of Shanghai as a cultural metropolis. Kuai DS, Ye X (eds). Annual report on cultural development of Shanghai. 2009, Social Sciences Literature Press, 3-22.
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Process of Founding and Key Achievements in History. 2001, viewed March 17, 2021, http://www.china.org.cn/eng-lish/27750.htm
Gao W. Research on the environmental design of memorial plaza from the perspective of public art [J]. Urban Architecture, 2016, (6): 28-31.
Wu DY. Integration and evolution: The development of Chinese public art [J]. Zhuang Shi: Chinese Journal of Design, 2015, (11): 38-45.
Yin SX. Eternal symbol. 2006, Hebei Fine Arts Publishing House, Hebei, China.
Shang H. The exploration of art sociology with the people as the main body-the spirit. “Speech” and the inheritance and development of the party’s leading thoughts on art [J]. Fine Arts, 2012, (5): 89-95.
Shao XF. Forward in exploring - Retrospect and prospect of Chinese public art in the 30 years of reform and opening up [J]. Art Hundreds, 2009, (5): 29-36.
Liu L. Shanghai new urban space [J]. Shanghai Urban Planning, 2005, 20 (3): 8-11.
Wang XM. Pondering from the sculptures in the commercial environment of Wangfujing Street [J]. Zhuang Shi, 2008, (1): 13-15.
World Data Atlas. China - Urban population as a share of total population. 2020, viewed March 17, 2021, https://knoema.com/atlas/China/Urban-population
Miao P. Deserted streets in a jammed town: The gated community in Chinese cities and its solution [J]. Urban Design, 2003, 8(1): 45-66.
Li JS. Public art and urban culture. 2012, Peking University Press, Beijing, China.
Abd-Elrahman AS, Asaad M. Urban de-sign & urban planning: A critical analysis to the theoretical relationship gap [J]. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021, 12(1): 1163-1173.
Thomasian J. Arts and the economy: Using arts and culture to stimulate state economic development. 2014, Washing-ton, NGA Centre.
Sun ZH, Lu H. Public art in China. 2004, Xinyun Art Publisher, Hong Kong, 52-53.
Sun ZH, Lu H. Public art in China. 2004, Xinyun Art Publisher, Hong Kong, 52-53.
Akkar M. The changing “publicness” of contemporary public spaces: A case study of the Grey’s Monument Area, Newcastle upon Tyne [J]. Urban Design International, 2005, 10(2): 95-113.
Worrall J. Monument to the people’s he-roes, Shanghai [J]. Icon, 2018, 177: 104-105.
Cheng H, Worrall J. The influence of public art in developing Chinese urban public space: Current trends and future directions. Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Inter-disciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, 2021, 157-165.
Markusen A, Gadwa A. Arts and culture in urban or regional planning: A review and research agenda [J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2010, 29(3): 379-91.
Hao H. To integrate art into urban life: The quality of public art is the soft power of urban culture. People’s Daily, 2014. http://sh.east-day.com/m/20141031/u1ai8420383.html
Congress US. National foundation on the arts and the humanities act of 1965. Pub-lic Law, 2014, 209.
Lynne W. Encyclopedia of Chicago. 2004, viewed March 17, 2021, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohis-tory.org/pages/72.html
National Assembly of State Arts Agencies (NASAA). State percent for art pro-grams. 2018, viewed March 17, 2021, https://nasaa-arts.org/nasaa_re-search/state-percent-art-programs/
Cartiere C, Zebracki M (eds). The every-day practice of public art: Art, space, and social inclusion. 2015, Routledge.
Degen M, García M. The transformation of the “Barcelona model”: An analysis of culture, urban regeneration and governance [J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2012, 36(5): 1022-1038.
NSW Government. Arts NSW Consultation Outcomes Report – Developing the NSW arts and cultural policy. 2014, viewed March 17, 2021, https://www.create.nsw.gov.au/news-and-publications/publications/consulta-tion-outcomes-report-2014-developing-the-nsw-arts-and-cultural-policy/
Kester G. Conversation pieces: The role of dialogue in socially-engaged art. 1985, Theory in Contemporary Art Since, 76-88.
Kwon M. One place after another: Site-specific art and locational identity. 2004, MIT press, 69-70.
Zheng J. Contextualizing public art pro-duction in China: The urban sculpture planning system in Shanghai [J]. Geoforum, 2017, 82: 89-101.
Lu CY. From the anxiety of participation to the process of de-internationalization [J]. E-flux Journal, 2016, 70: 02.
Harris J. Globalization and contemporary art. 2011, John Wiley & Sons.
Shanghai Municipal Sculpture Commission. 2006, viewed March 17, 2021, www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node82538/node84939/node84997/node85005/node85007/userobject1ai86965.html