AccScience Publishing / EJMO / Volume 4 / Issue 2 / DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
REVIEW

A Review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention

Abdul Hafeez1 Shmmon Ahmad1 Sameera Ali Siddqui1 Mumtaz Ahmad1 Shruti Mishra2
Show Less
1 Department of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
2 Department of Life Science, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
EJMO 2020, 4(2), 116–125; https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
Submitted: 10 March 2020 | Accepted: 12 April 2020 | Published: 15 April 2020
© 2020 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract

There is a new world health crisis threatening the public with spread of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) . Since December 2019, when Covid-19 emerged in Hunan seafood market at Wuhan, South China and rapidly spread throughout the world, the virus outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of International concern by World Health Organization (WHO). We here summarize the current clinical characteristics data to guide potential COVID-19 about Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention of COVID-19. In this review, we extracted data from various Research Report, WHO guidelines and other articles. It is important to caution the readers that new data updating nearly every hour regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes COVID-19. Throughout the world the disease has caused varying degrees of illness. Patient shows various symptoms usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and malaise among others. The disease is being cured through general treatment, symptomatic treatment, by using antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy and by the immune system. It is necessary to identify the potential cases as soon as possible and isolate the suspected people from the confirmed cases of COVID-19, to prevent the potential transmission of infection to other patients and health care staff.

Keywords
Coronavirus disease-2019
COVID-19
respiratory syndrome
symptoms
SARAS
treatment
Conflict of interest
None declared.
References

1.WHO Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) March 2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.

2. Murphy A, and Bell D.J, et al. COVID-19, Radiopedia. https:// radiopaedia.org/articles/covid-19-2?lang=us.

3. Singhal, T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020- 03263-6. [CrossRef]

4. Center for disease controle and prevention, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html.

5. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 2020;25(3):278–280. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383 https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052514/. [CrossRef]

6. Countries where COVID-19 has spread, World ometers, 26March 2020. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ countries-where-coronavirus-has-spread/.

7. Shereen M.A, Khan S, COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronavirusesJournal of Advanced Research, 16 March 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123220300540. [CrossRef]

8. Age, Sex, Existing Conditions of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirusage-sex-demographics/.

9. Vally H, The Conversion, La Trobe University. https://theconversation.com/why-are-older-people-more-at-risk-of-coronavirus-133770.

10. Koma W, Neuman T, How Many Adults Are at Risk of Serious Illness If Infected with Coronavirus? March 2020 | Data Note http://files.kff.org/attachment/Data-Note-How-Many-AdultsAre-at-Risk-of-Serious-Illness-If-Infected-with-Coronavirus.pdf 

11. WHOQ&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). https://www.who. int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses

12. Gray R, Covid-19: How long does the coronavirus last on surfaces? BBC 17march 2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/ article/20200317-covid-19-how-long-does-the-coronaviruslast-on-surfaces

13. Alaska department of Health and Social services ,Human Coronaviruses, http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/Pages/Human-Coronavirus.aspx

14. Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S. Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research. Antiviral Res. 2013;100(3):605–614. doi:10.1016/j. antiviral.2013.09.028https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3889862/ [CrossRef]

15. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1282:1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 [CrossRef]

16. Bendix A, A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how the disease, COVID-19, goes from bad to worse,Business Insider Feb 2020. https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/a-day-by-day-breakdown-of-coronavirussymptoms-shows-how-the-disease-covid-19-goes-from-badto worse/articleshow/74257460.cms

17. Coronavirus Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Health Publishing, Mar 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus-resourcecenter#COVID

18. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Mayoclinichttps://www. mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/diagnosistreatment/drc-20479976

19. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. https://www. who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance

20. Trafton A, Chu J, Covid-19 diagnostic based on MIT technology might be tested on patient samples soon, | MIT News Office March, 2020. http://news.mit.edu/2020/covid-19-diagnostic-test-prevention-0312

21. Erin K. McCreary E.K, and Pogue J.M, COVID-19 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options, on behalf of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. https://watermark. silverchair.com/

22. O'Keefe BR, Giomarelli B, Barnard DL, et al. Broad-spectrum in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of the antiviral protein griffithsin against emerging viruses of the family Coronaviridae. Journal of virology. 2010;84(5):2511-2521. [CrossRef]

23. Arabi YM, Shalhoub S, Mandourah Y, et al. Ribavirin and Interferon Therapy for Critically Ill Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: A Multicenter Observational Study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2019. [CrossRef]

24. Siegel D, Hui HC, Doerffler E, et al. Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2017;60(5):1648-1661. [CrossRef]

25. Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT, Jr., et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics. The New England journal of medicine. 2019;381(24):2293-2303. [CrossRef]

26. Shen K,· Yang Y. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ World Journal of Paediatrics, February 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12519-020-00343-7. [CrossRef]

27. Liying Dong, Shasha Hu, Jianjun Gao, Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Drug Discoveries and Therapeutics 2020 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.0102

28. Franck Touret, Xavier de Lamballerie, Commentary Of chloroquine and COVID-19, www.elsevier.com/locate/antiviral

29. Amanda Capritto How to protect yourself from the coronavirus March 19, 2020.https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-toprotect-yourself-from-coronavirus/

30. WHO Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 53, MARCH 2020 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200313-sitrep-53-covid-19. pdf?sfvrsn=adb3f72_2

31. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

32. How to Protect Yourself,Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)19), Centre for disease control and prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html

33. COVID-19, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United State Department of labour, https://www.osha.gov/ SLTC/covid-19/controlprevention.html

Share
Back to top
Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, Electronic ISSN: 2587-196X Print ISSN: 2587-2400, Published by AccScience Publishing