Assessment of the Relationship Between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Obesity in the Reproductive-Aged Women
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the association between Vitamin D levels and body mass index (BMI) as an adiposity measure in the reproductive-aged women. Methods: A total of 171 women were included in this comparative cross-sectional study. The subjects were classified into three groups according their BMI’s: Group I; non-obese=80 (BMI<25.0 kg/m2 ), Group II; overweight=54 (25.0<BMI<30 kg/m2 ), and Group III; obese=37 (BMI>30 kg/m2 ). Results: Obese women possessed the lowest mean follicle stimulating hormone levels (6.26±1.46, p=0.001), and the highest luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were found in non-obese group (5.70±2.15, p=0.001). The comparison of antiMüllerian hormone (AMH) levels yielded that there was a significant difference between non-obese and overweight women (4.96±4.02 vs. 3.11±3.03, p=0.019). The mean Vitamin D level was found to be highest in the non-obese group (10.45±7.48, p=0.043). The correlation analysis demonstrated that Vitamin D level was weak correlated with AMH level in the overweight group (r=0.285, p=0.047). Conclusion: Our study showed a negative association between Vitamin D level and obesity. Vitamin D supplementation may aid to reduce the obesity incidence. Further evaluations are needed to elucidate this issue.
Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH. Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: Skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 1981;211:590–3. [CrossRef]
2. Cipriani C, Pepe J, Piemonte S, Colangelo L, Cilli M, Minisola S, et al. Vitamin D and its relationship with obesity and muscle. Int J Endocrinol 2014;2014:841248. [CrossRef]
3. Yao Y, Zhu L, He L, Duan Y, Liang W, Nie Z, et al. A meta-analysis of the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and obesity. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8:14977–84.
4. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266–81.
5. Ozkan S, Jindal S, Greenseid K, Shu J, Zeitlian G, Hickmon C, et al. Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1314–9. [CrossRef]
6. Alagöl F, Shihadeh Y, Boztepe H, Tanakol R, Yarman S, Azizlerli H, et al. Sunlight exposure and Vitamin D deficiency in turkish women. J Endocrinol Invest 2000;23:173–7. [CrossRef]
7. Guzel R, Kozanoglu E, Guler-Uysal F, Soyupak S, Sarpel T. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:765–70. [CrossRef]
8. Mitchell NS, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity: Overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2011;34:717–32.
9. World Health Organization. Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of the World Health Organization on Obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.
10. Bagriacik N, Onat H, Ilhan B, Tarakci T, Osar Z, Ozyazar O, et al. Obesity profile in Turkey. Int J Diabetes Metab 2009;17:5–8.
11. Tosunbayraktar G, Bas M, Kut A, Buyukkaragoz AH. Low serum 25(OH)D levels are assocıated to hıgher BMI and metabolic syndrome parameters in adult subjects in turkey. Afr Health Sci 2015;15:1161–9. [CrossRef]
12. Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity. Clin Nutr 2007;26:573–80. [CrossRef]
13. Ford ES, Ajani UA, McGuire LC, Liu S. Concentrations of serum Vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. Adults. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1228–30. [CrossRef]
14. González-Molero I, Rojo-Martínez G, Morcillo S, Gutierrez C, Rubio E, Pérez-Valero V, et al. Hypovitaminosis D and incidence of obesity: A prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013;67:680–2.
15. Vanlint S. Vitamin D and obesity. Nutrients 2013;5:949–56.
16. Vimaleswaran KS, Berry DJ, Lu C, Tikkanen E, Pilz S, Hiraki LT, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and Vitamin D status: Bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS Med 2013;10:e1001383. [CrossRef]
17. Saneei P, Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A. Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels in relation to body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2013;14:393–404.
18. Arunabh S, Pollack S, Yeh J, Aloia JF. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:157–61. [CrossRef]
19. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of Vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:690–3. [CrossRef]
20. Vilarrasa N, Maravall J, Estepa A, Sánchez R, Masdevall C, Navarro MA, et al. Low 25-hydroxy Vitamin D concentrations in obese women: Their clinical significance and relationship with anthropometric and body composition variables. J Endocrinol Invest 2007;30:653–8. [CrossRef]
21. Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Papapetrou PD, Chrisoulidou A, Konstantinidou S, Doumala E, Georgiou E, et al. Height, whole body surface area, gender, working outdoors, and sunbathing in previous summer are important determinants of serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012;120:14–22. [CrossRef]
22. Drincic AT, Armas LA, Van Diest EE, Heaney RP. Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low Vitamin D status of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:1444–8. [CrossRef]
23. Florez H, Martinez R, Chacra W, Strickman-Stein N, Levis S. Outdoor exercise reduces the risk of hypovitaminosis D in the obese. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007;103:679–81. [CrossRef]
24. Targher G, Bertolini L, Scala L, Cigolini M, Zenari L, Falezza G, et al. Associations between serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3 concentrations and liver histology in patients with non-alcoholicfatty liver disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007;17:517–24.
25. Ding C, Parameswaran V, Blizzard L, Burgess J, Jones G. Not a simple fat-soluble vitamin: Changes in serum 25-(OH) D levels are predicted by adiposity and adipocytokines in older adults. J Intern Med 2010;268:501–10. [CrossRef]
26. Kremer R, Campbell PP, Reinhardt T, Gilsanz V. Vitamin D status and its relationship to body fat, final height, and peak bone mass in young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:67–73. 27. Rothman KJ. BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32 Suppl 3:S56–9. [CrossRef]