Environmental pollution remains one of the most pressing global challenges, threatening ecosystems and human health. Bioremediation—using microorganisms, plants, and enzymes to degrade or transform pollutants—has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional remediation methods. This special issue focuses on recent advances and innovative strategies in the bioremediation of various environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, plastics, and emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics. Emphasis is placed on molecular and genomic insights into microbial degradation pathways, the development of engineered microbial consortia, and the integration of bioremediation with nanotechnology and biosensing tools for enhanced efficiency. Additionally, studies addressing field-scale applications, environmental risk assessment, and policy implications are encouraged. By bringing together interdisciplinary research, this issue aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how biotechnological and ecological approaches can be harnessed to restore polluted environments and promote global sustainability.