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REVIEW ARTICLE

A comprehensive review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts for efficient biodiesel production

Amit Kumar Rajak1,2 ,  Shivani Dalal1 ,  Madiga Harikrishna2 ,  Uttam Kumar Sahoo3 ,  Mallampalli S.L. Karuna2* ,  Prakash Kumar Sarangi4*
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1 Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2 Department of Oils, Lipid Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
3 Department of Forestry, School of Earth Science and Natural Resources Management, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
4 Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, India
AJWEP, 025130095 https://doi.org/10.36922/AJWEP025130095
Received: 29 April 2025 | Revised: 29 May 2025 | Accepted: 3 June 2025 | Published online: 29 July 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

The transesterification process for biodiesel production relies on efficient catalysts to accelerate the chemical reactions involved. Choosing the appropriate catalyst is crucial and depends primarily on the free fatty acid content of the oil feedstock. Conventional biodiesel production processes typically employ homogeneous catalysts, which present several disadvantage, including toxicity, high flammability, corrosiveness, and significant effluent generation. Consequently, there is growing interest in biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts and bio-waste, as these offer sustainable, recyclable, and environmentally friendly alternatives. These catalysts exhibit excellent stability and catalytic efficiency in both acidic and basic environments, as well as superior water resistance. This review provides an in-depth analysis of biomass-based heterogeneous catalysts, emphasizing their potential for sustainable biodiesel production. The primary focus is on the usage of biomass and bio-waste-derived catalysts for producing cost-effective biodiesel. This review offers an overview of present methods for synthesizing various types of catalysts, such as basic, acidic, bifunctional, and nanocatalysts, using a range of feedstocks. Furthermore, it explores the impact of different catalyst preparation techniques on biodiesel yield and evaluates the sustainability of these catalysts. This study also identifies gaps in the present literature on biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts and other biocatalysts, offering suggestions for future research avenues.

Keywords
High catalytic activity
Homogeneous catalysts
Transesterification process
Biomass waste
Heterogeneous catalysts
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
Prakash Kumar Sarangi is an Editorial Board Member of this journal but was not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, other authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Electronic ISSN: 1875-8568 Print ISSN: 0972-9860, Published by AccScience Publishing
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