Toxicity of East Sumatra River Sediments— Bacterial Luminescence, Brine Shrimp and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Tests
Bioassays employing the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri (LUMIStox system), the brine shrimp
(Artemia salina) as well as the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test were used to evaluate sediment toxicity of surface sediments from five East Sumatra rivers. In March and November of 2008 samples were collected from Rokan, Siak, Kampar, Indragiri and Musi rivers from overall 52 stations. The sediments were extracted with a sediment/ water ratio of 1:1 (w/v). The most toxic sediments were found at the stations 529 (Kampar), 543 (Musi) as well as 517 (Siak) during the November 2008 campaign. Of the bioassays employed in this study, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test was the most responsive to the extracts (EC50: 0.4 ± 0.1 to 1.02 ± 0.3 g/L), whereas the invertebrate lethality assay using Artemia salina was less sensitive (EC50: 6.1 ± 0.6 to 9.3 ± 0.4 g/L). While it was not possible to correlate the observed ecotoxicological effects with a specific and/or class of contaminants it is notable that the Siak sediment extracts were consistently ranked the most toxic with all test species and all test phases.
Barahona, M.V. and S. Sánchez-Fortún (1996). Comparative Sensitivity of Three Age Classes of Artemia salina Larvae to Several Phenolic Compounds. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 56(2): 271-278.
Barahona, M.V. and S. Sánchez-Fortún (1999). Toxicity of carbamates to the brine shrimp Artemia salina and the effect of atropine, BW284c51, iso-OMPA and 2-PAM on carbaryl toxicity. Environmental Pollution, 104(3): 469-476.
Baum, A., Rixen, T. and J. Samiaji (2007). Relevance of peat draining rivers in central Sumatra for the riverine input of dissolved organic carbon into the ocean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73(3-4): 563-570.
Cook, N.H. and P.G. Wells (1996). Toxicity of Halifax Harbour Sediments: An Evaluation of Microtox® Solid-Phase Test. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 31(4): 673-708.
Davoren, M., Ní Shúilleabháin, S., O’Halloran, J., Hartl, M.G.J., Sheehan, D., O’Brien, N.M., van Pelt, F.N.A.M. and C. Mothersill (2005). A Test Battery Approach for the Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Estuarine Sediments. Ecotoxicology, 14(7): 741-755.
Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres Jr., V. and R.M. Featherstone (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7(2): 88-95.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, UK.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1998). Water quality determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent Bacteria Test) Part 2: Method Using Liquid- Dried Bacteria. ISO 11348-2, Geneva, Switzerland.
Liebezeit, G. and R. Wöstmann (2009). n-Alkanes as Indicators of Natural and Anthropogenic Organic Matter Sources in the Siak River and its Estuary, E Sumatra, Indonesia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,83(3): 403-409.
Liebezeit, G. and R. Wöstmann (2010). Coprostanol in Siak River Sediments, E Sumatra, Indonesia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 85(6): 585-588.
Liebezeit, G., Wöstmann, R. and C. Jose (2009). Biomarkers from Latex Drying Plants in Siak River Sediments. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 6(2): 1-5.
Magalhães, C., Costa, J., Teixeira, C. and A.A. Bordalo (2007). Impact of trace metals on denitrification in estuarine sediments of the Douro River estuary, Portugal. Marine Chemistry, 107(3): 332-341.
Mekki, A., Dhouib, A., Feki, F. and S. Sayadi (2008). Assessment of toxicity of the untreated and treated olive mill wastewaters and soil irrigated by using microbiotests. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69(3): 488-495.
Oropesa, A.-L., Pérez-López, M., Hernández, D., García J.- P., Fidalgo, L.-E., López-Beceiro, A. and F. Soler (2007). Acetylcholinesterase activity in seabirds affected by the Prestige oil spill on the Galician coast (NW Spain). Science of The Total Environment, 372(2-3): 532-538.
Parvez, S., Venkataraman, C. and S. Mukherji (2006). A review on advantages of implementing luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri) for acute toxicity prediction of chemicals. Environment International, 32(2): 265-268.
Panagoula, B., Panayiota, M. and J. Iliopoulou-Georgudaki (2002). Acute Toxicity of TBT and IRGAROL in Artemia salina. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(3): 231-233.
Persoone, G., van de Vel, A., van Steertegem, M. and B. de Nayer (1989). Predictive value of laboratory tests with aquatic invertebrates: Influence of experimental conditions. Aquatic Toxicology, 14(2): 149-167.
Rixen, T., Baum, A., Sepryani, H., Pohlmann, T., Jose, C. and J. Samiaji (2010). Dissolved oxygen and its response to eutrophication in a tropical black water river. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(8): 1730-1737.
Sánchez-Fortún, S., Sanz-Barrera, E. and M.V. Barahona (1995). Acute Toxicities of Selected Insecticides to the Aquatic Arthropod Artemia salina. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54(1): 76-82.
Sánchez-Fortún, S., Sanz, F., Santa-María, A., Ros, J.M., de Vicente, M.L., Encinas, M.T., Vinagre, E. and M.V. Barahona (1997). Acute sensitivity of three age classes of Artemia salina larvae to seven chlorinated solvents. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59(3): 445-451.
Ruebhart, D.R., Cock, I.E. and G.R. Shaw (2008). Brine shrimp bioassay: Importance of correct taxonomic identification of Artemia (Anostraca) species. Environmental Toxicology,
23(4): 555-560.
Rizzo, L. (2011). Bioassays as a tool for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater treatment. Water Research, 45(15): 4311-4340.
Toðulga, M. (1998). The Short-Term Toxicity of Two Toxicants to Artemia Nauplii. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 22(3): 259- 266.
U.S. (Environmental Protection Agency-EPA) (2005). Predicting toxicity to amphipods from sediment chemistry. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-030. Available from: National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. http:// www.epa.gov/ncea. Accessed 12 Mar 2012.
Vanhaecke, P. and G. Persoone (1981). Report on an intercalibration exercise on a short-term standard toxicity test with Artemia nauplii (ARC-test). INSERM, 106: 359- 376.
Venkateswara Rao, J., Kavitha, P., Jakka, N.M., Sridhar, V. and P.K. Usman (2007). Toxicity of organophosphates on morphology and locomotor behavior in brine Shrimp, Artemia salina. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 53(2): 227-232.
Ware, G.W. (1989). In: The Pesticide Book Thomson, Fresno, CA. http://www.pesticidebook.com.Accessed 12 Mar 2012.
Weideborg, M., Vik, E.A, Øfjord, G.D. and O. Kjønnø (1997). Comparison of three marine screening tests and four Oslo and Paris commission procedures to evaluate toxicity of offshore chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(2): 384-389.