Post-Tsunami Changes in Water Quality of Kalpakkam Coastal Waters, East Coast of India with Special Reference to Nutrients
Studies were carried out to evaluate the changes in water quality of Kalpakkam coast during post-Tsunami with special emphasis on nutrient contents. Samples were collected fortnightly from five locations, both surface and bottom at each location, during the period January-May 2006. Results revealed marginal decrease in DO (from 5.76 to 5.21 mg l-1), increase in nitrate (from 1.14 to 3.43 µmol l-1), silicate (from 5.55 to 7.20 µmol l-1), phosphate (from 0.19 to 0.25 µmol l-1) and decrease in chlorophyll-a content (from 6.15 to 4.34 mg m-3) during the post-Tsunami period. Increase in nutrient contents did not commensurate with increase in chlorophyll possibly due to increase in turbidity in the coastal waters during the post-Tsunami period. A baseline data on TP and TN has been established for this coastal waters for future impact studies.
Aston, S.R. (1980). Nutrients dissolved gases and general biochemistry in estuaries. In: ‘Chemistry and biogeochemistry of estuaries’ (Eds E. Olausson and I. Cato), pp. 233-262. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
Bonsdorff, E., Blomquist, E.M., Mattila, J. and A. Norkko(1997). Coastal eutrophication: Causes, consequences and perspectives in the archipelago areas of the Northern Baltic Sea. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 44: 63-72.
Bowman, M.J. (1977). Nutrients distribution and transport in Long Island Sound. Journal of Estuarine Coastal Marine Science, 5: 53-54.
Chandran, R. and K. Ramamurty (1984). Hydrobiological studies in the gradient zone of Vellar estuary. I. Physico- chemical parameters. Mahasagar, 17: 69-77.
Choudhary, S. and R.C. Panigrahy (1991). Seasonal distribution and behaviour of nutrients in the creek and coastal waters of Gopalpur East coast of India. Mahasagar,24: 81-83.
Cole, C.V. and R.L. Sanford (1989). Biological aspects of the Phosphorus cycle. In: Proceedings of Symposium on phosphorous requirements for sustainable agriculture in Asia and Oceania. SCOPE/UNEP.
Cooper, L.H.N. (1952). Factors affecting the distribution of silicate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the formation of N. Atlantic deep waters. Journal of Marine Biological Association, U.K., 30: 511-526.
De Souza, S.N. (1983). Study on the behaviour of nutrients in the Mandovi estuary during premonsoon. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 16: 299-308.
Dehadrai, P.V. (1970). Changes in the environmental features of the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries in relation to tides. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, 72: 68-80.
Ganapati, P.N. and D.V.S. Rao (1958). Qualitative studies of plankton off Lawson’s Bay, Waltair. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, 48: 189-209.
George, P.C. (1953). The marine plankton of the coastal waters of Calicut with observations on the hydrological conditions. Journal of Zoological Society of India, 5: 76-103.
Gilbert, P.M., Biggs, D.C. and J.J. McCarthy (1982). Utilization of ammonium and nitrate during austral summer in the Scotia Sea. Deep Sea Research, 29: 837-850.
Gopinath, A., Joseph, N., Sujatha, C.H. and S.M. Nair (2002). Forms of nitrogen (NO3- N; NO2- N and NH2CONH2-N) and their relations to A.O.U. in the Indian coastal waters of Arabian Sea. Chemical Ecology, 18: 233-244.
Gouda, R. and R.C. Panigrahy (1992). Seasonal distribution and behavior of silicate in the Rushikulya estuary, East coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 24: 111-115.
Granier, J., Billen, G. and L. Palfner (2000). Understanding the oxygen budget and related ecological processes in the river Mosel: The RIVERSTRAHLER approach. Hydrobiologia, 410: 151-166.
Grant, G.M. and E. Gross (1996). Oceanography: A view of the Earth. Prentice-Hall, USA.
Grasshoff, K., Ehrhardt, M. and K. Kremling (1983). Methods of seawater analysis. Wiley-VCH, New York.
Hammond, D.E. and C. Fuller (1979). The use of radon-222 to estimate benthic exchange and atmospheric exchange rates in San Francisco Bay. In: San Fransisco Bay, the Urbanised Estuary. (Eds T.H. Conomos) pp. 213-230. American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco.
Hammond, D.E., Simpson, H.J. and G. Mathieu (1977). Radon- 222 distribution and transport across the sediment-water interface in the Hudson River estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82: 3913-3920.
Harvey, H.W. (1960). The chemistry and fertility of seawater. Cambridge University Press, London.
Haugen, V.E., Vinayachandran, P.N. and T. Yamagata (2003). Comment on “Indian Ocean: validation of the Miami Isopycnic coordinate Ocean Model and ENSO events during 1958-1998”. Journal of Geophysical Research108(C6): 3179, doi: 10. 1029/2002JC001624.
Ho, C.I. (1977). Distribution of nutrients in Lousiana coastal water influence by the Mississipi River. Journal of Estuarine Coastal Marine Science, 5: 173-195.
Jayaraman, R. (1951). Observation on the chemistry of the waters off the Bay of Bengal off the Madras City during 1948-1949. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, 33: 92-99.
Jayaraman, R. (1954). Seasonal variations in the salinity: Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrient salts in the inshore waters of the Gulf of Manner and Palk Bay near Mandapam (South India). Indian Journal of Fisheries, 1: 345-364.
Kalimurthy, M. (1973). Observations on the transparency of the waters of the Pulicat Lake with particular reference to plankton production. Hydrobiologia, 41: 3-11.
Kronvang, B., Ertebjerg, G., Grant, R., Kristensen, P., Hovmand, M. and J. Kirkegaard (1993). Nationwide monitoring of nutrients and their ecological effects: State of the Danish aquatic environment. Ambio., 22: 176-187.
La Fond, E.C. (1957). Oceanographic studies in the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, 46: 1-46.
LaFond, E.C. (1954). On upwelling and sinking off the east coast of India. Andhra University Memories in Oceanography, 1: 117-121.
Lal, D. (1978). Transfer of Chemical species through estuaries to oceans. In: ‘Proceedings of a UNESCO/SCOR workshop on Biogeochemistry of estuarine sediments. pp. 166-170. Melreus, Belgium.
Liss, P.S. and C.P. Spencer (1970). A biological process in the removal of silicate from seawater. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 34: 1073-1088.
Madhupratap, M., Nair, K.N.V., Gopalakrishnan, T.C., Haridas, P., Nair, K.K.C., Venugopal, P. and M. Gauns (2001). Arabian Sea oceanography and fisheries off the west coast of India. Current Science, 81: 355-361.
McCaffery, R.J., Myers A.C., Davey, E., Morrison, G., Bender, M., Luedtke, N. Culler D., Froelich, P. and G. Klinkhammer(1980). The relation between pure water chemistry and benthic fluxes of nutrients and mangrove in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Limnology and Oceanography, 25: 31-44.
McCreary, J.P., Han, W., Shankar, D. and S.R. Shetye (1996). Dynamics of the East India coastal current 2: Numerical solutions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101: 13993-14010.
Murty, C.S. and V.V.R. Varadachari (1968). Upwelling along the east coast of India. Bulletin of National Institute of Science, India, 36: 80-86.
Nair, K.V.K. (1985). Impact of nuclear power station on the hydrobiological characterstics of Kalpakkam. Proceedings of the symposium on Seawater quality demands. NCML, Bombay, India. 13.1-13.10.
Nair, K.V.K. and S. Ganapathy (1983). Baseline ecology of Edayur-Sadras estuarine system at Kalpakkam. I: General hydrographic and chemical feature. Mahasagar, 16: 143-
151.
Naqvi, S.W.A., De Souza, S.N. and C.V.G. Reddy (1978). Relationship between nutrients and dissolved oxygen with special references to water masses in western Bay of Bengal. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 7: 15-17.
Nixon, S.W. (1988). Physical energy inputs and the comparative ecology of lake and marine ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33: 1005-1025.
Olson, R.J. (1980). Nitrate and ammonium uptake in Antarctic waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26: 1064-1074.
Panigrahy, R.C., Sahu, J.P. and P.M. Mishra (1984). Studies on some hydrographic features in the surface waters of Bay of Bengal at Gopalpur, Orissa coast. Bull. Environmental Sci., 1: 10-14.
Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y. and C.M. Lalli (1984). A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Press, New York.
Pomeroy, C.R., Smith, E.E. and C.M. Grant (1965). The exchange of phosphate between estuarine water and sediments. Limnol Oceanogr., 10: 167-172.
Prasannakumar, S., Madhupratap, M., Dileep Kumar, M., Gauns, M., Muraleedharan, P.M., Sarma, V.V. and S.N. De Souza (2000). Physical control of primary productivity on a seasonal scale in central and eastern Arabian Sea. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 109: 433-441.
Prasannakumar, S., Muralidharan, P.M., Prasad, T.G., Ganus, M., Ramaiah, N., De Souza, S.N., Sardesai, S. and M. Madhupratp (2002). Why is the Bay of Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea? Geophys. Res. Lett., 29: 88.1-88.4.
Purushothaman, A. and V.K. Venugopalan (1972). Distribution of dissolved Silicon in the Vellar Estuary. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 1: 103-105.
Qasim, S.Z. (1977). Biological productivity of the Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 6: 122-137.
Qasim, S.Z., Bhattathiri, P.M.A. and S.A.H. Abidi (1968). Solar radiation and its penetration in a tropical estuary. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecology., 2: 87-103.
Rajendran, A., Rajgopal, M.D. and C.V.G. Reddy (1980). Distribution of dissolved silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 9: 172-178.
Ramadhas, V. (1977). Studies on phytoplankton, nutrients and some trace elements in Porto Novo waters. Ph. D. Thesis, Annamalai University, India.
Ramamirtham, C.P. and M.R. Patil (1964). Hydrography of the west coast of India during the premonsoon period of the year 1962. Part 2: In and offshore waters of the Konkan and Malabar coasts. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India., 7: 150-168.
Ramamurthy, S. (1953). Hydrobiological studies in Madras coastal waters. J. Madras Univ., 23: 143-163.
Rao, S.D.V. (1969). Asterionella Japonica bloom and discoloration off Waltair, Bay of Bengal. Limnol. Oceanogr.,
14: 632-634.
Raymont, J.E.G. (1980). Plankton and Productivity in the Oceans. Vol. 1: Phytoplankton. Pergamon Press.
Reddy, H.R.V., Katti, R.J., Raveesha, K.P., Chandrasekhara Vikas, S.J., Babu, R.S.N. and K.S.S. Kumar (2005). Coastal water quality of Dakshina Kannada before and after Tsunami. Curr. Sci., 88: 1026-1027.
Riley, J.P. and R. Chester (1971). An introduction to Marine Chemistry. Academic Press, London.
Ryther, J.H. and W.M. Dunstan (1971). Nitrogen, phosphorous and eutrophication in the coastal marine environment. Science, 171: 1008-1013.
Sankaranarayana, V.N. and C.V.G. Reddy (1968). Nutrients of northwestern Bay of Bengal. Bull. National Inst. Sci. India, 38: 148-163.
Sankaranrayanan, V.N. and S.Z. Qasim (1969). Nutrients of the Cochin Backwaters in relation to environmental characteristics. Mar.Biol., 2: 236-247.
Santschi, P., Honener, P., Benoit, G. and M.B. Brink (1990). Chemical process at the sediment-water interface. Mar. Chem., 30: 269-315.
Sarma, V.V., Sadhuram, Y., Sravanthi, N.A. and S.C. Tripathy(2006). Role of physical processes in the distribution of chlorophyll-a in the Northwest Bay of Bengal during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Curr. Sci., 91: 1133-1134.
Sasmal, S.K., Panigrahy, R.C. and S. Misra (2005). Asterionella bloom in the northwestern Bay of Bengal during 2004. Int. J. Remote Sens., 26: 3853-3858.
Sasmal, S.K., Sahu, B.K. and R.C. Panigrahy (1986). Monthly variations in some chemical characteristics of near shore waters along the south Orissa coast. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,15: 199-200.
Satpathy, K.K. (1996a). Seasonal distribution of nutrients in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam, East Coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 25: 221-224.
Satpathy, K.K. (1996b). Studies on the chemical features of cooling water systems in the context of scaling, biofouling and corrosion control. Ph. D. Thesis, Madras University, Chennai, India.
Satpathy, K.K., Mathur, P.K. and K.V.K. Nair (1987). Contribution of Edaiyur-Sadras estuarine systems to the
hydrographic characteristics of Kalpakkam coastal waters. Jour. Mar. Bio. Assoc. India, 29: 344-350.
Satpathy, K.K. and K.V.K. Nair (1990). Impact of power plant discharge on the physico-chemical characteristics of Kalpakkam coastal waters. Mahasagar, 23: 117-125.
Satpathy, K.K. and K.V.K. Nair (1996). Occurrence of phytoplankton bloom and its effect on coastal water quality. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 25: 145-147.
Shirodkar, P.V. and D.A. Jayakumar (1990). Nutrients and dissolved oxygen in the upper 1000 m in equatorial western Indian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 19: 47-52.
Singh, R.V., Khambadkar, L.R., Nandakumar, A. and A.V.S. Murthy (1990). Vertical distribution of phosphate, nitrate and nitrite of Lakshadweep waters in the Arabian Sea. In: Mathew, K.J. (ed.), Proceedings of the first workshop on scientific results of FORV Sagar Sampada, 5-7 June 1989. CMFRI, Cochin. 19-23.
Stephns, C. and C.H. Oppenheime (1972). Silica contents in the Northwestern Florida Gulf Coast. Contribution to Marine Science. University of Texas. 16: 99-108.
Subramanyan, R. (1959a). Studies on the phytoplankton of west coast of India. Part I. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 50: 113-187.
Subramanyan, R. (1959b). Studies on the phytoplankton of west coast of India. Part II. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 50: 189-252.
Subramanyan, R. and R. Sen Gupta (1965). Studies on the plankton of east coast of India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.
Varkey, M.J., Murty, V.S.N. and A. Suryanaryan (1996). Physical Oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. In: Ansell, A.D., Gibson, R.N. and Barnes, M. (eds), Oceanography and Marine Biology, UCL Press, 34: 1-70.
Varma, P.U. and C.V.G. Reddy (1959). Seasonal variation of the hydrological conditions of the Madras coastal waters. Indian J. Fish, 6: 298-305.
Varshney, P.K., Nair, V.R. and S.A.H. Abidi (1983). Primary productivity in nearshore waters of Thal, Maharastra Coast. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 12: 27-30.
Zepp, R.G. (1997). Interactions of marine biogeochemical cycles and the photodegradation of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen. In: Gianguzza, A., Pelizzetti, E. and Sammarkano, S. (eds), Marine Chemistry, Kluwer Academic Publication, London, pp. 329-352.