Investigations on the Batch Performance of Fluoride Adsorption by Coconut Shell Carbon

Removal of fluoride using coconut shell carbon (CSC) was investigated in batch system. The fluoride removal performance of the coconut shell carbon (CSC) was evaluated as a function of the feed fluoride concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. The adsorbent was characterized as having high selectivity for fluoride and larger adsorption capacity. Adsorption was faster at the beginning followed by slower removal. pH was found to be a decisive parameter for fluoride removal. The experimental data followed the Freundlich isotherm model. Application of CSC for the effective removal of fluoride from water has been demonstrated.
Abu Rukah and K. Alsokhny (2004). Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry, 64(2): 171-181.
Adhikari, S.K., Tipnis, U.K., Harkare, W.P. and K.P. Govindan (1989). Defluoridation during desalination of brackish water by Electrodialysis. Desalination, 71: 301-312.
Amer, Z., Bariou B., Mameri, N., Taky, M., Nicolas, S. and A. Elmidaoui (2001). Fluoride removal from brackish water by electrodialysis. Desalination, 133: 215-223.
Chandra, S.J., Thergaonkar, V.P. and R. Sharma (1981). Water quality and dental fluorosis. Ind. J. Pub. Hlth., 25: 47-51.
Dieye, A., Larchet, C., Auclair, B. and C. Mar-Diop (1998). Elimination des fluorures par la dialyse ionique croisee. Eur. Polym. J., 34: 67-75.
Handa, B.K. (1975). Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride containing groundwater in India. Groundwater, 13: 278-281.
Hichour, M., Persin, F., Molenat, J., Sandeaux, J. and C. Gavach (1999). Fluoride removal from diluted solutions by Donnan dialysis with anion exchange membranes. Desalination, 122: 53-62.
Hichour, M., Persin, F., Sandeaux, J. and C. Gavach (2000). Fluoride removal from waters by Donnan Dialysis. Separ. Purif. Technol., 18: 1-11.
Kumar, S., Gopal, K., and P.K. Seth (2002). Indigenous minerals for defluoridation of water. IJEP, 224: 361-372.
Largent, E.J. (1961). The health aspects of fluoride compounds. Ohio State University Press, Columbia.
Mariappan, P., Yegnaraman, V. and T. Vasudevan (2002). Defluoridation of water using low cost activated carbons. IJEP, 22: 154-160.
Meenakshi Arora, Maheshwari, R.C., Jain, S.K. and A. Gupta (2004). Use of membrane technique for potable water production. Desalination, 170(2): 105-112.
Meenakshi Arora, Garg, V.K., Kavita, Renuka and A. Malik (2004). Ground water quality in some villages of Haryana, India: Focus on fluoride and fluorosis. J. Haz. Mater., 106 B: 85-97.
Nava, C.D., Rios, M.S. and M.T. Olguin (2003). Sorption of fluoride ions from aqueous solutions and well drinking water by thermally heated hydrocalcite. Sep. Sci. Tech., 38(1): 131-147.
Padmavathy, S., Amali, J., Raja, R.E., Prabavathi, N. and B. Kavitha (2003). A study of fluoride level in potable water of Salem district and an attempt for defluoridation with lignite. Ind. J. Environ. Protec., 23(11): 1244-1247.
Raichur, A.M. and M.J. Basu (2001). Adsorption of fluoride onto mixed rare earth oxides. Sepr. Purif. Technol., 24: 121-127.
Saha, S. (1993). Treatment of aqueous effluent for fluoride removal. Water Res., 27: 1347-1350.
Sarala, K. and P.R. Rao (1993). Endemic fluorosis in the village Ralla Anantapuram in Andhra Pradesh—An epidemiological study. Fluoride, 26: 177-180.
Short, H.E., Mc Robert, G.R., Bernard, T.W. and A.S. Mannadinayar (1937). Endemic fluorosis in the Madras Presidency. Indian J. Medical Res., 25: 553-561.
Singh, G., Kumar, B., Sen, P.K. and J. Majumdar (1999). Removal of fluoride from spent pot liner leachate using ion exchange. Water Environ. Res., 71: 36-42.
Susheela, A.K. (1999). Fluorosis management programme in India. Curr. Sci., 77(10): 1250-1256.
Susheela, A.K., Kumar, A., Bhatnagar, M. and M. Bahadur (1993). Prevalence of endemic fluorosis with gastrointestinal manifestations in people living in some North-Indian villages. Fluoride, 26: 97-104.
WHO (1971). International Standards for drinking water. 3rd ed., Geneva WHO.