Ecological Status of Segara Anakan, Indonesia: A Mangrove-fringed Lagoon Affected by Human Activities
Segara Anakan is a mangrove-fringed shallow coastal lagoon in south central Java, Indonesia, which is of high ecological and economic value because of its richness and diversity in living natural resources. The economic demands of a growing population, however, strongly alter environmental conditions which affect the ecology of the living resources and ultimately the ecological balance and economic potential of the region. Preliminary results of recent investigations in conjunction with available information from the past decades indicate an increasing deterioration of environmental conditions, particularly through high riverine sediment inputs in the western part of the lagoon, oil pollution in the eastern part and inputs of effluents from agriculture particularly in the western part of the lagoon. The destruction of mangroves mainly through illegal logging leads to habitat changes which affect the ecology of organisms, particularly of economically important species. Benthic organisms are as diverse as in other tropical regions. Abundances are extremely high in the central lagoon, but lower by two orders of magnitude in the eastern part which is affected by the effluents of an oil refinery. Developing measures for the sustainable management of the lagoon’s living resources requires an integrated understanding of ecosystem functions and their changes related to human activities and climate change. The multidisciplinary German-Indonesian SPICE (Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Marine Ecosystems) research programme is designed to obtain the necessary information in high temporal and spatial resolution.
ADB (1998). Asian Development Bank, Report.
Alongi, D.M. (1989). The role of soft-bottom benthic communities in tropical mangrove and coral reef ecosystems. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences, 1: 243-280.
Ardli, E.R. (2001). Aplikasi NDVI Analisis Citra Satelit SPOT untuk Monitoring dan Deteksi Kerusakan Mangrove (studi kasus: Mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Makalah disajikan dalam Seminar Nasional Biologi 2, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Novemper Surabaya.
BPKSA (Badan Pengelola Kawasan Segara Anakan) (2002). Benefit Monitoring Evaluation Segara Anakan Conservation and Development Project. BPKSA Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia.
De Boer, W.F. and H.H.T. Prins (2002). Human exploitation and benthic community structure on a tropical intertidal flat. Journal of Sea Research, 48: 225-240.
Dittmann, S. (1995). Benthos structure on tropical tidal flats of Australia. Helgoldnder Meeresuntersuchungen, 49: 539-551.
Dittmann, S. (2001). Abundance and distribution of small infauna in mangroves of Missionary Bay, North Queensland, Australia. Revista Biologia Tropica, 49: 535-544.
Dittmann, S. (2002a). Benthic fauna in tropical tidal flats—A comparative perspective. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10: 189-195.
Dittmann, S. (2002b). Benthic fauna in tropical tidal flats of Hinchinbrook Channel, NE Australia: Diversity, abundance and their spatial and temporal variation. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10: 323-333.
Djohan, T.S. (1982). Species diversity of mangrove forest floor fauna in Segara Anakan and the Donan river. Proceedings of the workshop on coastal resources management in the Cilacap region, Yogyakarta, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, The United Nations University.
Djuwito (1985). Analisa Struktur Komunitas Ikan di Segara Anakan Cilacap. Fakultas Pasca Sarjana, IPB, Bogor.
Dudley, R.G. (2000). Segara Anakan conservation and development project; Components B and C. Consultant´s report, Segara Anakan fisheries management plan.
Ecology Team (2000). Ecological aspects of Segara Anakan in relation to its future management. Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Faculty of Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K.E., Kihn, E.A., Kroehl, H.W. and E.R. Davis (1997). Mapping city lights with nighttime data from the DMSP operational linescan system. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63: 727-734.
Erftemeijer, O., van Bale, B. and E. Djuharsa (1988). The importance of Segara Anakan for nature conservation, with special references to avifauna. Asian Wetland Bureau and Interwader, PHPA, Bogor, Indonesia.
Figueira, E.A.G. (2002). Caracterização da comunidade macrobentônica dos manguezais do Furo Grande, Bragança, Pará, Thesis, Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará.
Hardjosoewarno, S., Notohadiprawiro, Z. et al. (1982). The Cilacap mangrove ecosystem. Proceedings of the workshop on coastal resources management in the Cilacap region, Yogyakarta, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, The United Nations University.
Jennerjahn, T.C. and V. Ittekkot (2002). Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften, 89: 23-30.
Jennerjahn, T.C., Ittekkot, V., Klöpper, S., Seno Adi, Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, Nana Sudiana, Anyuta Yusmal, Prihartanto and B. Gaye-Haake (2004). Biogeochemistry of a tropicalriver affected by human activities in its catchment: Brantas River estuary and coastal waters of Madura Strait, Java, Indonesia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 60: 503-514.
Kober, K. (2004). Foraging ecology and habitat use of wading birds and shorebirds in the mangrove ecosystem of the Caeté Bay, Northeast Pará, Brazil. Ph.D. Dissertation, ZMT Contribution 9, Bremen, Germany.
LPPM (Lembaga Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Mangrove) (1998). Rancangan system pengelolaan hutan bakau di kawasan Segara Anakan Kabupaten Dati II Cilacap, Jawa Tengah, Pemerintah daerah Tingkat II Cilacap.
Liu, K.-K. and I.R. Kaplan (1989). The eastern tropical Pacific as a source of 15N-enriched nitrate in seawater off southern California. Limnology and Oceanography, 34: 820-830.
Ludwig, H.F. (1985). Segara Anakan environmental monitoring and optimal use planning project. Final report of consultant, phase I report. Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Agency for Research and Development, Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia.
McClelland, J.W., Valiela, I. and R.H. Michener (1997). Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: A record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds. Limnology and Oceanography, 42: 930-937.
Middelburg, J.J. and J. Nieuwenhuize (2001). Nitrogen isotope tracing of dissolved inorganic nitrogen behaviour in tidal estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 53: 385-391.
Montoya, J.P. and J.J. McCarthy (1995). Isotopic fractionation during nitrate uptake by phytoplankton grown in continuous culture. Journal of Plankton Research, 17: 439-464.
Pepping, M. (1999). Intertidal benthic community structure. Perth, Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management: 93-137.
Pielou, E.C. (1966). The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 13: 131-144.
Pribadi, R. (2003). The ecology of mangrove vegetation and common asiatic clam (Polymesoda erosa) in Segara Anakan. Pusat kajian pesisir dan laut tropis lembaga penelitian, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
Rezende, C.E., Lacerda, L.D., Ovalle, A.R.C., Silva, C.A.R. and L.A. Martinelli (1990). Nature of POC transport in a mangrove ecosystem: A carbon stable isotope study. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 30: 641-645.
Sasekumar, A. and E.L. Chong (1986). The macrobenthos at feeding sites of shorebirds in Pulau Tengah. Wallaceana, 45: 6-7.
Sastranegara, M.H. (1996). Kecenderungan Peningkatan Eutrofikasi di Segara Anakan Cilacap. Biosfera, 4: 29-35.
Sastranegara, M.H. (2004). The impact of forest use on the intertidal crab community in managed mangroves of Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
Sastranegara, M.H., Fermon, H. and M. Mühlenberg (2003). Diversity and abundance of intertidal crabs at the east swamp-managed areas in Segara Anakan Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. Proceedings Deutscher Tropentag, October 8-10, 2003, Göttingen, Germany.
Setijanto, Yuwono, E., Sukardi, P. and I. Sulistyo (2003). Study on feeding behaviour of eels and the larvae occurrence in Segara Anakan. In: Proceedings of tropical eel fishery resource, BPPT, Ministry of Research and Technology.
Sørensen, T. (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Biologiske meddelelser: udg. af det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 5: 1-34.
Shannon, C.E. and W. Weaver (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. University Illinois Press, Urbana.
Suryono, C. A., Pribadi, R. et al. (2003). Species composition and distribution of gastropoda in Segara Anakan mangrove forest, Cilacap. Center for Coastal and Marine Studies, Research Institute of Diponegoro University, Semarang.
Swennen, C., Duiven, P. et al. (1982). Numerical density and biomass of macrobenthic animals living in the intertidal zone of Surinam, South America. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 15: 406-418.
Torgersen, T. and A.R. Chivas (1985). Terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediment: A preliminary balance for a mangrove environment derived from 13C. Chemical Geology, 52: 379-390.
White, A.T., Martosubroto, P. and M.S.M. Sadorra (1989). The coastal environmental profile of Segara Anakan Cilacap, South Java, Indonesia. ICLARM technical report 25.
Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R.E. and S.A. Afiff (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. The Ecology of Indonesia Series Vol. II, Periplus Editions, Dalhousie University, Halifax.
Widianingsih, Suryono, C.A. et al. (2003a). Community structure of crustacea at mangrove area of Klaces and Sapuregel, Segara Anakan, Cilacap. Center for Coastal and Marine Studies, Research Institute of Diponegoro University, Semarang.
Widianingsih, Hartati, R. et al. (2003b). The distribution and abundance of polychaeta in mangrove area Klaces and Sapuregel, Segara Anakan. Center for Coastal and Marine Studies, Research Institute of Diponegoro University, Semarang.
Wolff, W.J., Duiven, A.G., Duiven, P., Esselink, P., Abou Gueye, Meijboom, A., Moerland, G. and J. Zegers (1993). Biomass of macrobenthic tidal flats of the Banc d´Arguin, Mauritania. Hydrobiologia, 258: 151-163.
Yani, E., Widyastuti, A. and W. Lestari (2004). Zonasi Vegetasi Mangrove di Kawasan Segara Anakan. Biosfera, 2: 44-49.