Status of Macro and Micro Nutrients of Olive Orchard in Northern Iran
Gilan Province, located in the north of Iran, is from among the main centres and critical poles of olive production in Iran. The average yield of Gilan Province olive orchards are about 2200 kg per hectare which is slightly higher than the average of global yield, but it is considerably lower than the European countries or the desired status. One reason is the nutritional disorders. The index of deviation from optimum percentage is a simple way to diagnose the orchards’ nutritional disorders. This index indicates the nutritional status of plant or shortage and/or surplus of nutritional elements and can be used for prioritizing the plant’s need to nutrients. This study was conducted aiming at investigating the nutritional balance of olive orchard using the deviation from optimum percentage (DOP). To conduct this research, more than 80 olive orchards with strong, moderate and weak yields in Gilan Province were selected. The mean concentration of nutrients (reference numbers) in the leaves of orchards with relative strong yield for N, P and K were obtained 1.54, 0.12 and 1.36, respectively and for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Br obtained 128.31, 44.79, 22.31, 4.95 and 27.05 mg/kg. The reference numbers obtained in this study can be evaluated in each olive orchard of the province. On the basis of index of deviation from optimum percentage, the need to nutrients were in this order: N > Zn > B > K > Fe > Mn > P > Cu.
Beaton Jones, J. and V.W. Case (1990). Sampling, Handling and analysing plant tissue samples. In: Westerman, R.L.
(eds). Soil testing and plant analysis. 3rd ed. SSSA, Inc. Madison Wisconsin, USA.
Bould, C. (1966). Leaf analysis of deciduous trees. In: Nutrition of Fruit Crops (Ed. N.F. Childers). Horticultural publications, Ruthers University, New Jersey.
Brække, F.H. and N. Salih (2002). Reliability of Foliar Analysis of Norway spruce stands in nordic gradient. Silva Fennica, 36(2): 489-504.
El-Fouly, M.M., El-Sayed, A.A., Fawzi, A.F. and S.H.A. Shaaban (2005). Nutritional status of oil olives grooves grown under dry farming conditions in the North Western Coast of Egypt. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 5(1): 216-219. www.world-food.net
El-Fouly, M.M., El-Hassanin, A.S., El-Sayed, A.A. and S.H.A. Shaaban (2005). Nutritional status of olives grown on clay soils under rainfed farming conditions in Tunisia. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 3(3&4): 81-85. www.world-food.net.
Ferna Ândez-Escobar, R., Moreno, R. and M. GarcõÂa- Creus (1999). Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients in olive leaves during the alternate-bearing cycle. Scientia Horticulturae, 82: 25-45.
Fernández-Escobar, R. (2004). Fertilization. In: D. Barranco, R. Fernández-Escobar and L. Rallo (Eds), El Cultivo del Olivo, 5th edition. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain.
Golmouhammadi, M. (2005). Effect of harvest management and boron utilization on olive yield and biennial bearing. 4th Congress of Iranian Horticultural Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Goudarzi, K. (2005). Evaluation of nutritional balance in vineyards of Sisakht region in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province via DOP method. Iran. J. Soil and Water Sci., 12(1): 33-40. (In Persian)
Habib, R. (2000). Modeling fruit acidity in peach trees effects of nitrogen and potassium nutrition. Acta Hort., 512(2): 141-148.
Hosseini, Y. (2016). Application of Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) to Determine the Nutritional Balance of Sour Lemon Gardens in Hormozgan Province. Iran. J. Soil and Water Sci., 26(3-2): 243-255. (In Persian)
Jiménez, S., Garín, A., Gogorcena, Y., Betrán, J.A. and M.A. Moreno. (2004). Flower and foliar analysis for prognosis of sweet cherry nutrition. Influence of different rootstocks. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(4): 701-712.
Malakouti, M.J., Keshavarz, P. and N. Karimian (2008). A comprehensive approach towards identification of nutrients deficiencies and optimal fertilization for sustainable agriculture. 7th ed. Tarbiat Modars University Press, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Milošević, T. and T. Milošević (2011). Diagnose apricot nutritional status according to foliar analysis. Plant Soil Environ., 57(7): 301-306.
Miloševic, T., Miloševic, N.Y. and I. Glisic (2013). Agronomic properties and nutritional status of plum trees
(Prunus domestica L.) influenced by different cultivars. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. [online], 13(3): 706-714. Epub27- Ago-2013. ISSN 0718-9516. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-95162013005000056.
Mirabdulbaghi, M. (2014). Investigationon determination of nutritional statues of pear trees according to a new index: Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP). Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, XLVII(4): 160. DOI: 10.1515/ cerce-2015-0007
Monge, E., Montañés, L., Val, J. and M. Sanz (1995). A comparative study of the DOP and DRIS methods, for evaluating the nutritional status of peach trees. Acta Horticulture, 383: 191-199.
Montanes, L., Heras, L., Abadia, J. and M. Sans (1993). Plant analysis interpretation based on a new index: Deviation from optimum percentage (DOP). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16: 1289-1308.
Noori, O., Taheri, M., Tokasi, M. and A. Gholiyan (2015). Evaluation of Tarom Olive Orchards Nutritional Status Using the Deviation from Optimum Percentage Method (DOP). Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 5(1). (In Persian)
Salih, N. and F. Andderson (1999). Nutritional status of a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden in response to compensatory fertilization. Plant and Soil, 209: 85-100.
Samadi, A. and A. Majidi (2011). Norms establishment of the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and comparison with DOP approach for nutritional diagnosis of seedless grape (Sultana, cv) in western Azarbaijan province, Iran. Iran. J. Soil Res. (Soil and Water Sci.), 24(2): 89-105. (In Persian)
Shaaban, S.H.A. and El-Taweel, A.A. Osman, I.M.S. and M.M. El-Fouly (2016). Nutritional status of soil and plant and nutrient discrimination factor of some irrigated olive orchards at the North West of Egypt. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(34): 3232-3239.
Soyergin, S., Moltay, I., Genç, Ç., Fidan, A.E. and A.R. Sutçu (2002). Nutrient Status of olives grown in the Marmora region. ISHS Acta Hort., 586: 381-383.
Sumner, M.E. (1997). Use of the DRIS system in foliar diagnosis of crop at high yield levels. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 8: 251-268.
Tausz, M., Trummer, W., Wonisch, A., Goessler, W., Grill, D., Soledad Jime´nez and D. Morales (2004). A survey of foliar mineral nutrient concentrations of Pinus canariensis at field plots in Tenerife. Forest Ecology and Management,189: 49-55.
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and J.D. Beaton (1990). Soil fertility and fertilizers, 4th ed. Macmillan, Collier Macmillan in New York.
Tombesi, A., Michalakis, N. and M. Pastor (1996). Recommendation of the working group on olive farming production techniques and productivity. Olivae, 63: 38-51.
Xu, M., Zhang, J., Wu, F. and X. Wang (2015). Nutritional Diagnosis for Apple by DRIS, CND and DOP. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 7(4): 266-273.