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REVIEW ARTICLE

Bioengineered materials-driven construction of musculoskeletal organoids in aging research: Strategies, applications, and future perspectives

Qiongjiao Zeng1,2 ,  Denghui Xie3,4 ,  Di Wang5 ,  Chao Zheng5 ,  Liu Yang5 ,  Mario Rothbauer6 ,  Yiting Lei1,7,8,9* ,  Zhong Alan Li1,2,10,11,12*
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1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
2 InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
4 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
5 Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
6 Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
7 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
8 Chongqing Municipal Health Commission Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Regeneration and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
9 Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
10 Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
11 Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
12 Department of Engineering, Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
OR 2025, 1(4), 025450033 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR025450033
Received: 8 November 2025 | Revised: 20 December 2025 | Accepted: 24 December 2025 | Published online: 30 December 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Age-related deterioration of the musculoskeletal (MSK) system drives loss of mobility, lower quality of life, and escalates healthcare costs in older adults. Organoids are three-dimensional, self-organizing constructs that recapitulate key aspects of tissue architecture and function, providing a promising platform to model human MSK aging with higher physiological relevance than conventional two-dimensional cultures and many animal models. Current reliance on decellularized extracellular matrices as scaffolds constrains reproducibility and limits the ability to tune biochemical and biophysical cues. In contrast, engineered matrices allow for precise control over composition, mechanics, and degradability, thereby supporting organoid formation, maturation, and the induction of aging-related phenotypes. This review specifically focuses on MSK organoids and presents a conceptual synthesis linking biomaterial parameters to core MSK aging hallmarks and functional validation assays. We synthesize current strategies for constructing aging MSK organoids and delineate biomaterials design principles to recapitulate aged MSK microenvironments. We examine the key structural, mechanical, and biochemical material properties that influence organoid formation and the establishment of an aging-related microenvironment. Finally, we discuss smart material platforms and strategies for multi-tissue integration, assessing their potential to facilitate the exploration of mechanistic insights and therapeutic testing, as well as to enhance the accuracy and translational relevance of in vitro aging models.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Aging model
Musculoskeletal organoid
Aging niches
In vitro senescence
Biomaterials
Funding
This work was supported in part by CUHK Peter Hung Pain Research Institute (to ZAL, PHPRI/2024/122); the Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine (to ZAL), under the Health@InnoHK program launched by the Innovation and Technology Commission, the Government of the Hong Kong SAR of China (to ZAL); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (to ZAL, 82302753); the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong S.A.R. of China (to ZAL, 24203523); the Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, CUHK (to ZAL, project #BME-p2-24); the Mainland-Hong Kong Joint Funding Scheme of ITC (to ZAL, project #MHP/101/23); the Guangdong-Hong Kong Technology Cooperation Funding Scheme of ITC (to ZAL, project #GHP/140/22GD); and the Hong Kong Scholars Program (to YTL, XJ2024017). ZAL acknowledges the support from CUHK’s Vice-Chancellor Early Career Professorship Scheme.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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