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REVIEW ARTICLE

Organoids in aging research: Decoding mechanisms, accelerating interventions, and bridging translation

Yu Yang1 ,  Yu-Bo Wang1 ,  Hao Yin1,2 ,  Ling-ling Xian3 ,  Jia Cao1,2,4,5* ,  Zhen-Xing Wang1,2,4,5* ,  Hui Xie1,2,4,5,6*
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1 Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
2 Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
3 Department of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
4 Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
5 National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
6 FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, China
OR 2025, 1(4), 025450032 https://doi.org/10.36922/OR025450032
Received: 5 November 2025 | Revised: 12 December 2025 | Accepted: 16 December 2025 | Published online: 30 December 2025
© 2025 by the Author (s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Aging, as a process of gradual decline in cellular and tissue function, poses a major challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. However, traditional models (experimental animals and 2D cell cultures) struggle to reproduce the complexity of human aging, which limits the depth of mechanistic understanding. Organoids, defined as self-organizing 3D stem cell-derived structures that replicate key organ features, have effectively addressed this research gap. This article reviews the applications of organoids in the study of aging, including their core principles, methods for generating common organoid types, advantages, and limitations. The validation processes and mechanisms of the aging model are also discussed. In addition, the applications of brain organoids in research on Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, heart organoids in research on myocardial aging, and liver and islet organoids in research on diabetes are emphasized. Despite advances in single-cell sequencing, gene editing, and imaging technologies, challenges such as standardization and vascularization remain. Nevertheless, organoids have accelerated the development of anti-aging drugs and personalized medicine, thus becoming indispensable tools for understanding the mechanisms of human aging and developing interventions to extend healthy life span.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Age-related diseases
Aging
Mechanisms
Organoids
Translation
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 82125023 to Hui Xie; Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 21 doi: 10.36922/OR025450032 82272562 and 82472523 to Zhen-Xing Wang), the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2023RC3075 to Zhen-Xing Wang), and the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate (Grant No. CX20250357 to Yu Yang).
Conflict of interest
Hui Xie is an Associate Editor of this journal and Guest Editor of this special issue but was not involved, directly or indirectly, in the editorial or peer-review process for this manuscript. Separately, other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
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Organoid Research, Electronic ISSN: 3082-8503 Published by AccScience Publishing
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