Asthe three major regulating systems,nerwous,immune and endocrine sytems always play asigmificantrole inthe physiolagical and pathalogical cdhamges ofthe human body,induding eyecballs.Theclbserelationship bet ween diabetic reti-napathy and insulin alreadycommonly known among ophthalmolagists.Howev-er.other endocrine hormones,such as theducoortioid,melatonin.progester-cmes renin-angiotensin system.natriuretic peptide.catechdlamine hormone andestragen,especially the rerin-angiotensin system is corredated with the diabeticretinopathy.Fall anderstandingof the effect of these endocrine hormones ondia-betic retinopathy can helpus put an end to the curent dilemma of diabetic reti-nopathy treatment with insulin In recent years,the higherinidence of myopiahas become a serious social problem and current treatments have had hittleeffects.Also,studies have found that melatonin and dopamine had an importanteffect on regulatine the bioloeical rhythm of the retina。and both dopamine andmuscarine signal pathways can effectively control the myopia progressim.Therefore:a detailedstudyofthe regulating mechanism of them may assist in the prevention and treatment of myopia

Besides.thegrowth hormone is dasely relatedto the develbpment and lesiond theoptic merve.Forexample,theclse relationshipbetweenestrogen amd Lch-er hereditary optic neuropat hy clarly explains the cause of the hish incidence ofthesediseases in male adolesents andsugeests the possibility of estroeen aduin-stration to cure these diseases.Furthermore,most patients with idiopathic macalar hdles arefemale,in which thespecificeffect of estrogen is also an interestingtopic.Thedimical aophication of glucoortioid.thecommon medicine for fundusdiseasess such as uweitis amd macular edemais often restricted for side effects inthe entire body and eyes However,theglucocorticid receptor subtype highlyselective drug and oula sustainedredlease corticosteraid delivery systens arehighly anticijpated to be applicd in the treatment d rdevant dicases while reducng the complications affecting the entire body and eyes

Although I have been researching the relationslip between estrogen and ocu-lar fundus discase for more than a decade,there are no surprisingdisroweries,andI am impressd so much by the in-depth reseaches offoreign ounterparts.

Therefare,inmysparetime,Istudid on others'researchprogressbetween

the endocrine hormones and fundus discases via the Pabmed net work and the re-sults amazed me.There were two reasons involved.Firsly.there are many en-docrine hormones are dosely rdatedto fundus diseases.Secondly,thereis weryinited redevant esearch n China.Herein。I summarized what I read during myspare time into this book so that allophthalmoloeists or whoevwer in this ficld canbe benefited from knowing the current research status and the esising problemsand to provide help for those who are interested indoing researcdh in this area to a-vaid detours.

Nowadays.the cuses and pathoeneses of waious fundus discases that ex-sts with a highinidence are sil unclear.There is stilla Lack of effective prewen-tionand teatment methods.From aother perspecfive,stodying fundus discasesmay be a soodchoice.Due to the limitatim of English ad writing ability,therewill be some errors in the book,constructive criticisns and corrections from allolleaguesare highly appreciated.

Zhang HongbingJme2016